Examples: boy, girl, book, church, box
Plural Noun Definition: When a noun means more than one, it is said to be plural.
Examples: boys, girls, books, churches.
Verb
The verb is king in English. The shortest sentence contains a verb. You can make a one-word sentence with a verb, for example: "Stop!" You cannot make a one-word sentence with any other type of word.
- sometimes described as "action words". This is partly true.
- Many verbs give the idea of action, of "doing" something. For example, words like run, fight, do and work all convey action.
- verbs do not give the idea of action; they give the idea of existence, of state, of "being". For example, verbs like be, exist, seem and belong all convey state.
- always has a subject. (In the sentence "John speaks English", John is the subject and speaks is the verb.) In simple terms, therefore, we can say that verbs are words that tell us what a subject does or is; they describe:
* action (Ram plays football.)
* state (Anthony seems kind.)
There is something very special about verbs in English. Most other words (adjectives, adverbs, prepositions etc) do not change in form (although nouns can have singular and plural forms). But almost all verbs change in form. For example, the verb to work has five forms:
* to work, work, works, worked, working
Simple Present Tense
_____________________
I sing
subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
do base
There are three important exceptions:
1. For positive sentences, we do not normally use the auxiliary.2. For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it), we add s to the main verb or es to the auxiliary.
3. For the verb to be, we do not use an auxiliary, even for questions and negatives
We use the simple present tense when:
* the action is general
* the action happens all the time, or habitually, in the past, present and future
* the action is not only happening now
* the statement is always true
John drives a taxi.
It is John's job to drive a taxi. He does it every day. Past, present and future.
Look at these examples:
* I live in New York.
* The Moon goes round the Earth.* John drives a taxi.
* He does not drive a bus
* We do not work at night.
* Do you play football?
Present Continuous Tense
________________________________
I am singing
We often use the present continuous tense in English. It is very different from the simple present tense, both in structure and in use.
The structure of the present continuous tense is:
subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
be base + ing
- I am speaking to you.
- You are reading this.
- She is not staying in London.
- We are not playing football.
- Is he watching TV?
- Are they waiting for John?
____________________________
I have sung
The present perfect tense is a rather important tense in English, but it gives speakers of some languages a difficult time. That is because it uses concepts or ideas that do not exist in those languages. In fact, the structure of the present perfect tense is very simple. The problems come with the use of the tense. In addition, there are some differences in usage between British and American English.
The structure of the present perfect tense is:
subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
have past participle
Here are some examples of the present perfect tense:
subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
have past participle
- I have seen ET.
- You have eaten mine.
- She has not been to Rome.
- We have not played football.
- Have you finished?
- Have they done it?
______________________________
I have been singing
How do we make the Present Perfect Continuous Tense?
The structure of the present perfect continuous tense is:
subject + auxiliary verb + main verb
has been base + ing
Here are some examples of the present perfect continuous tense:
- I have been waiting for one hour.
- You have been talking too much.
- It has not been raining.
- We have not been playing football.
- Have you been seeing her?
- Have they been doing their homework?
_______________________
I sang
The simple past tense is sometimes called the preterite tense. We can use several tenses to talk about the past, but the simple past tense is the one we use most often.
subject auxiliary verb main verb
I went to school.
You worked very hard.
She did not go with me.
We did not work yesterday.
Did you go to London?
Past Perfect Tense
_______________________
I had sung
The past perfect tense is quite an easy tense to understand and to use. This tense talks about the "past in the past".
For negative sentences in the past perfect tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the past perfect tense:
subject auxiliary verb main verb
_________________________________________________________________________
I had finished my work.
You had stopped before me.
She had not gone to school.
We had not left.
Had you arrived?
Had they eaten dinner?
The and a/an are called "articles". We divide them into "definite" and "indefinite" like this:
Articles
______________________________________________________________
Definite Indefinite
the a, an
We use "definite" to mean sure, certain. "Definite" is particular.
We use "indefinite" to mean not sure, not certain. "Indefinite" is general.
When we are talking about one thing in particular, we use the. When we are talking about one thing in general, we use a or an.
Think of the sky at night. In the sky we see 1 moon and millions of stars. So normally we would say:
* I saw the moon last night.
* I saw a star last night.
Look at these examples:
the a, an
* The capital of France is Paris.
* I have found the book that I lost.
* Have you cleaned the car?
* There are six eggs in the fridge.
* Please switch off the TV when you finish.
* I was born in a town.
* John had an omelette for lunch.
* James Bond ordered a drink.
* We want to buy an umbrella.
* Have you got a pen?
English Prepositions
A preposition is a word governing, and usually coming in front of, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element, as in:
* She left before breakfast.
* What did you come for?
(For what did you come?)
* aboard
* about
* above
* across
* after
* against
* along
* amid
* among
* anti
* around
* as
* at
* before
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